Terceirização da logística militar em operações de guerra, com enfoque na cadeia de suprimentos: uma análise crítica entre pressupostos teóricos e realidades práticas nas Guerras do Golfo (1990-1991) e Iraque (2003-2011)

Abstract

This dissertation critically analyzes the outsourcing of military logistics, with an emphasis on the supply chain, comparing theoretical assumptions with the practical realities of the Gulf Wars (1990–1991) and Iraq (2003–2011). The research is motivated by the increasing complexity of contemporary conflicts, which require flexible, efficient, and integrated logistical capabilities. Outsourcing has emerged as a strategic alternative to expand the operational capacity of military forces, reduce costs, and free up personnel for core activities. However, its adoption raises concerns related to dependence on civilian providers in unstable operational environments, where risks and uncertainties can compromise logistical and operational performance. Adopting a qualitative and comparative approach, based on the analytical method called "Theory versus Reality," the study investigates the extent to which the theories of Transaction Cost Economics, Agency Theory, and Contingency Theory adequately explain the decisions and outcomes in the cases analyzed. The research uses documentary sources, operational reports, military doctrines, and academic literature to ensure robustness and depth in the comparative analysis. The results show that, despite potential benefits such as cost reduction and increased operational efficiency, logistics outsourcing presents critical challenges in contract management, oversight of civil operations, and adaptation to changing Theater of Operations (TO) conditions. In the cases analyzed, excessive reliance on the private sector resulted in significant failures, such as overbilling, difficulties in contract oversight, lack of visibility into logistics resources, and operational vulnerability to insurgent threats. Finally, the study presents specific recommendations for the Brazilian context, highlighting the need to adapt international best practices to the country's institutional, geographic, and operational realities, ensuring the strategic sovereignty and operational security of the Armed Forces.