Comando e Controle (C2) nońivel estratégico : ameaças e contingências aos Sistemas Satelitais Geoestacionários na Marinha do Brasil

Abstract

his thesis examines the vulnerabilities of military communications infrastructures based on geostationary (GEO) satellite systems in the face of cyber, electronic, and space threats, and proposes contingency alternatives to strengthen the resilience of Command and Control (C2) systems at the strategic level of the Brazilian Navy. The research focuses on the Naval Command and Control System (SisNC 2), which relies on the Military Satellite Communications System (SISCOMIS). Exclusive dependence on this infrastructure can compromise operational availability and integrity, as demonstrated by the cyberattack on the ViaSat network during the Russia–Ukraine conflict. To address these challenges, three technological alternatives were analyzed: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems, Wideband High Frequency (WBHF) communications, and Narrowband High Frequency (NBHF) systems. Each option was assessed regarding technological sovereignty, resilience to interference, contested environment operation, and latency. The methodology combined literature review, documentary research, and a Hybrid Multicriteria Analysis (AHP, MACBETH, and TOPSIS), enabling prioritization of the alternatives against seven evaluation criteria: cyberattacks, interception, jamming, susceptibility to anti-satellite weapons, bandwidth, national control, and latency. Results indicated that Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite systems achieved the best overall performance, closely followed by WBHF communications, which stood out for their high resilience and full national control. Subsequently, GEO and NBHF systems ranked third and fourth, respectively. Finally, the thesis proposes the gradual and complementary integration of these technologies into the SisNC2 infrastructure to ensure operational continuity and decision-making autonomy in cases of access denial or satellite link degradation, in line with the National Cybersecurity Policy and National Defense Strategy, which stress technological sovereignty and the protection of critical information infrastructures