O direito internacional diante do uso de armas autônomas letais: limites, lacunas e perspectivas regulatórias

Abstract

This work analyzes the legal challenges posed by the use of lethal autonomous weapon systems within the context of International Humanitarian Law. It is an exploratory and qualitative research based on a critical review of specialized literature, international treaties, official documents, and technical reports published between 2010 and 2025. The study addresses normative gaps and complexities related to the legal accountability of agents involved in the deployment of such weapons, as well as the adequacy of existing international regulations to control the use of these systems with lethal decision-making autonomy. Furthermore, it examines ongoing multilateral initiatives aimed at establishing clear parameters for the regulation of lethal autonomous weapons, highlighting the importance of meaningful human control to ensure compliance with the principles of International Humanitarian Law, such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution. The findings indicate the insufficiency of the current legal framework to guarantee effective and transparent control over the use of these systems, which may compromise the protection of human rights and the maintenance of international legal order. The work emphasizes the urgent need to update and harmonize international norms in order to incorporate technological advances in artificial intelligence applied to weaponry, preserving fundamental humanitarian values and promoting adequate accountability for potential violations. This analysis contributes to the contemporary debate on the responsible use of autonomous military technologies by providing guidelines for future regulations that ensure the compliance of autonomous systems with prevailing legal and ethical principles. Thus, the study aims to offer support to policymakers, legal operators, and military personnel in building a solid normative framework that fosters technological development alongside respect for international humanitarian standards.