O planejamento espacial marinho como política pública: a experiência francesa na mediação de conflitos de usos do mar (2014-2024)

Abstract

The increase in human activities in the oceans over recent decades has intensified conflicts between economic, environmental, and institutional uses, making new forms of maritime spatial governance necessary. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), internationally consolidated and institutionalized in the European Union through Directive 2014/89/EU, has become the main instrument for reconciling interests and preventing sea-use conflicts. In this context, the present research focuses on the French experience of MSP implementation between 2014 and 2024. The guiding research question is: to what extent has this experience enabled the resolution, mitigation, or prevention of sea-use conflicts, and what lessons can be drawn for other countries? The central objective is to analyze how the French experience has contributed to addressing use conflicts and to identify lessons that may inform maritime policies elsewhere. The study critically examines the regulatory and institutional trajectory of MSP in France, covering both European and overseas maritime territories, with emphasis on conflict resolution. It is grounded in concepts such as cross-sectoral integration, the ecosystem-based approach, and public participation, as defined by the European Commission's guidelines and French legislation. The analysis evaluates instruments such as the Strategic Coastal Documents (DSF), Strategic Maritime Basin Documents (DSBM), and the National Strategy for the Sea and Coast (SNML). Methodologically, the research adopts an exploratory qualitative approach, based on the analysis of legal frameworks, official reports, and academic literature, with special attention to the 2024–2030 update of the SNML. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of MSP as public policy depends on regulatory and technical progress, institutional capacity, robust scientific data, and social inclusion. Despite innovations, challenges persist, such as regional disparities in implementation, lack of methodologies for assessing cumulative impacts, and resistance from traditional sectors. Thus, the French case offers valuable lessons for the enhancement of marine spatial planning policies in different national contexts.